Cambios en la alimentación causados por la parosmia secundaria a COVID-19 en la población adulta residente en Chile durante el año 2021

Introducción: existe escasa evidencia de la prevalencia de disfunciones olfatorias, como la parosmia post infección de COVID-19, en población chilena y a la vez como esta afecta la alimentación y nutrición de los sujetos que la padecen. Objetivo: describir los cambios en la alimentación causados por la parosmia secundaria a COVID-19 según las características sociodemográficas en población adulta residente en Chile durante el año 2021. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo transversal descriptivo con una muestra de 542 participantes, se aplicó un cuestionario de autoría propia, en el que se consideran datos sociodemográficos, factores condicionantes en la alimentación, cambios en la alimentación y técnicas culinarias. Resultados: se reportó una prevalencia de parosmia del 65%, afectando principalmente a las mujeres con un 85,8%, con un promedio de edad de 32 ± 9 años y 33 ± 9 años para mujeres y hombres respectivamente. Los principales cambios alimentarios fueron una disminución de la ingesta de carnes, huevos y comida rápida y un aumento del consumo de verduras, además se observó una menor diversificación en las técnicas culinarias utilizadas para la cocción de los alimentos. Conclusión: se reportaron cambios importantes en la alimentación de los sujetos con parosmia, lo que pone en evidencia la necesidad de investigar como esto afecta el estado nutricional y calidad de vida de los sujetos que la padecen.

Introduction: there is little evidence of the prevalence of olfactory dysfunctions, such as post-COVID-19 infection parosmia, in the Chilean population and at the same time how it affects the food and nutrition of the subjects who suffer from it. Objective: to describe the changes in the diet caused by parosmia secondary to COVID-19 according to sociodemographic characteristics in the adult population residing in Chile during the year 2021. Methods: descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study with a sample of 542 participants, a questionnaire of own authorship, in which sociodemographic data, conditioning factors in food, changes in food, and culinary techniques are considered. Results: a prevalence of parosmia of 65% was reported, mainly affecting women at 85.8%, with an average age of 32 and 33 years for women and men, respectively. The main dietary changes were a decrease in the intake of meat, eggs, and fast food and an increase in the consumption of vegetables, in addition, less diversification was observed in the culinary techniques used for cooking food. Conclusion: important changes were reported in the diet of subjects with parosmia, which highlights the need to investigate how this affects the nutritional status and quality of life of subjects who suffer from it.

POST COVID COMPLICATIONS - A FOLLOW UP STUDY AMONG COVID-19 PATIENTS OF RURAL AHMEDABAD

Post Covid complication occurs in individuals with a history of con?rmed covid-19 infection, that develop within 3months of onset of COVID-19 illness, last for at least 2months and cannot be explained by alternative diagnosis. We aim to estimate the magnitude of post covid complications and its association with risk factors. A follow up study was conducted among 250 COVID19 positive patients from July 2021 to Jan2022. These patients were interviewed telephonically at 3rd month & 6th month after recovery. Majority of post COVID symptoms identified were fatigue (29.6%), anosmia (26.8%) & ageusia (15.2%). At least one of these symptoms was present in 67.6% and 28% patients at 3rd and 6th month post infection respectively. Other clinical features included insomnia (8%), skin rashes (7.6%) and mood disorders (4%). Systemic involvement was seen in 1.2% as new onset hypertension. No significant gender difference was identified in any of the symptoms (?2=0.24, p=0.6). Risk factors associated in developing long COVID-19 were high BMI[RR=1.2], age >60yrs [RR=1.3], poor vaccination status [RR=1.45]and long duration of illness (>14 days) [RR=1.4]. 4 deaths (1.6%) were reported among 8.8% hospitalized patients having severe comorbidities (e.g. Coronary artery disease). Nearly 2/3rd patients were having one or the other symptoms at the end of the 3rd month and 1/4th at the end of 6th months. Also, death during the post COVID period, strongly suggests continuous follow up visits for high risk patients and spreading public awareness to seek health care facilities for follow up.

Potency of Anosmia and Ageusia as Covid-19 Prognostic Factors: A Systematic Review

@#Introduction: The clinical signs of COVID-19 include ageusia and anosmia. Anosmia and ageusia haven’t been evaluated as prognostic factors in any prior studies, though. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to assess the effectiveness of ageusia and anosmia as prognostic indicators in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Literature was collected from various databases systematically using the PRISMA until May 25th,2022. The screening process was performed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, before being analyzed qualitatively. The risk of bias was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale converted by AHRQ. Results: Anosmia and ageusia could be used as the indicator for the good prognostic associated with lower mortality, milder trajectory rate, ICU, and hospital admission risk, and shorter length of stay. Anosmia and ageusia have shown high prevalence to predict a prognosis for the COVID-19 infection. Although COVID-19 prognosis also depends on the other lying conditions, patients with anosmia or ageusia had a lower mortality risk due to the lower body mechanism and cell inflammation mechanism toward the viral load that may not lead to the maladaptive cytokine release in response to infection generally called as a cytokine storm. Conclusion: In COVID-19 patients, anosmia and ageusia have been shown to be indicators of a favorable prognosis due to lower disease severity, mortality, risk of ICU and hospital admission, and shorter duration of stay. Therefore, in order to determine the prognosis, it is important to assess the clinical symptoms of the patients.

Factores asociados a la anosmia y ageusia en pacientes COVID-19 de una provincia peruana

Objetivo: identificar la presentación clínica y los factores asociados a la anosmia y ageusia en pacientes con la COVID-19 en un centro de salud de una provincia del Perú en el período de 2020-2021. Métodos: estudio transversal analítico a través de los datos del programa COVID-19 del Policlínico Essalud de Jauja - Perú. Se detallaron características sociodemográficas, sintomatología y comorbilidades de los pacientes. A través de un análisis bivariado se identificó los factores asociados a la anosmia y ageusia. Resultados: se identificó a 356 pacientes: 53,1 % fueron mujeres, la edad media fue 48,7 años (±17,8) y 261 (73,3 %) con COVID-19 leve. Del total, el 22,2 % presentó anosmia y 19,9 % ageusia; de los cuales la mayoría fueron menores de 65 años y del sexo femenino. Presentaron síntomas asociados un 86,1 % de los pacientes con anosmia y un 83,1% con ageusia. Los principales factores asociados a la anosmia fueron: la edad menor a 65 años (p=0,027), tos (p<0,001), cefalea (p<0,001), disnea (p<0,001), congestión nasal (p<0,001) y fiebre (p<0,001); y a la ageusia: edad menor a 65 años (p=0,006), tos (p=0,001), cefalea (p<0,001), disnea (p<0,001), congestión nasal (p<0,001) y diarrea (p<0,001). Conclusiones: la anosmia y ageusia son síntomas frecuentes de la COVID-19. La mayoría de pacientes presentaron estos síntomas asociados a los síntomas comunes. Gran parte de los que presentaban anosmia presentaron congestión nasal por lo que es recomendable considerar diferenciarlos al momento de realizar el diagnóstico.

Summary Objective: To identify the clinical presentation and factors associated with anosmia and ageusia in patients with COVID-19 in a health center in a province of Peru for the period 2020-2021. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study through data from the COVID-19 program of the Essalud Polyclinic in Jauja, Peru. Sociodemographic characteristics, symptoms and comorbidities of the patients were detailed. A bivariate analysis identified the factors associated with anosmia and ageusia. Results: 356 patients were identified: 53.1 % were women, mean age was 48.7 years (±17.8) and 261 (73.3%) with mild COVID-19. Of the total, 22.2% had anosmia and 19.9% ageusia; of which the majority were under 65 and female. Associated symptoms were found in 86.1% of patients with anosmia and 83.1% with ageusia. The main factors associated with anosmia were age younger than 65 years (p=0.027), cough (p<0.001), headache (p<0.001), dyspnea (p<0.001), nasal congestion (p<0.001) and fever (p<0.001); and ageusia: age younger than 65 years (p=0.006), cough (p=0.001), headache (p<0.001), dyspnea (p<0.001), nasal congestion (p<0.001) and diarrhea (p<0.001). Conclusion: Anosmia and ageusia are common symptoms of COVID-19. Most patients had these symptoms associated with common symptoms. Many of those who had anosmia had nasal congestion, so it is advisable to consider differentiating them when making the diagnosis.

Incidence of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions in the Early Stages of COVID-19: An Objective Evaluation

Abstract Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a dangerous infectious disease caused by a newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has various clinical presentations. Numerable cases with non-specific olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 have been reported from all over the globe. This is important as awareness will let people to self-isolate and help in limiting disease spread. Objective To objectively evaluate the frequency of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, which may occur independently or with other symptoms, in laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients at an early stage of the disease. Methods Objective evaluation of olfactory and gustatory function of 322 COVID-19 patients treated at our hospital, (SMGS, Government Medical College, Jammu), from August 2020 until November 2020. Results Our study population included 127 (39.4%) males and 195 (60.6%) females. Two hundred and twenty-six (70.2%) COVID-19 patients experienced olfactory and gustatory disorders. One hundred and sixty-five (51.2%) cases experienced both olfactory and gustatory disorders. Isolated olfactory dysfunction was reported in 34 (10.6%) patients, while 27 (8.4%) patients experienced only gustatory dysfunction. Conclusion The olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, without any nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea, are significant symptoms in the clinical presentation of early COVID-19 patients. This presentation can be recognized at the earliest one, and it can reduce the high communicability of the COVID-19 disease.

Características y prevalencia de las alteraciones del olfato y el gusto en pacientes con infección por COVID-19 / Characteristics of smell and taste alteration in patients with COVID-19

Introducción: La identificación de los síntomas o sus combinaciones con un alto valor predictivo para la enfermedad, es una estrategia crucial para el control de las enfermedades transmisibles. Las alteraciones en el olfato y el gusto han surgido como síntomas de alta prevalencia y un confiable predictor temprano de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la prevalencia de las alteraciones del gusto y del olfato en pacientes con antecedente de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en la población colombiana. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se realizó una encuesta telefónica y electrónica a pacientes adultos con antecedente de infección por SARS-CoV-2 confirmado por PCR. Resultados: se incluyeron 182 pacientes en el estudio. El 59% manifestó alteraciones del olfato y 54% alteraciones del gusto. De estos, el 77% y 82%, respectivamente, presentaron mejoría de sus síntomas. El 14% de los participantes percibió las alteraciones del olfato antes del inicio de otros síntomas de COVID-19. El 9% reportó que la alteración del olfato fue el único síntoma de la infección. Para el gusto, 8% informó que fue el primer síntoma de COVID-19, mientras que el 6% reportó que fue el único síntoma. Conclusiones: las alteraciones del gusto y del olfato son síntomas de alta prevalencia en pacientes con infección por COVID-19 y en algunos casos pueden ser el síntoma de presentación de la infección o el único síntoma de la infección

Introduction: Identifying symptoms or symptom combinations with a high predictive value for diagnosing a disease is a crucial strategy for controlling transmissible diseases. Smell and taste alterations have been identified as highly prevalent symptoms of COVID-19 and have been used as a reliable early predictor of the disease. The objective in this study was characterizing the prevalence of smell and taste alterations in patients with COVID-19 in the Colombian population. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. A telephonic and electronic survey was applied to adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR. Results: 182 patients were included. 59% presented with smell alterations and 54% with taste symptoms. Among these patients, 77% and 82% respectively perceived symptomatic improvement. 14% of patients presented smell alterations before the onset of other COVID-19 symptoms. 9% reported smell alterations to be the only symptom of the disease. 8% of patients perceived taste alterations as a first symptom and 6% reported it to be the only symptom of the disease. Conclusion: Taste and smell alterations are highly prevalent symptoms in Colombian patients with Covid-19 and in some cases they can be the either the first or the only perceived symptoms of the disease.

Anosmia and ageusia in people after COVID-19: an analysis between the type and length of hospital stay / Anosmia e ageusia em pessoas após a COVID-19: análise entre tipo e tempo de hospitalização

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the type and length of hospital stay in people who reported anosmia and ageusia after COVID-19. Methods: a cross-sectional study with patients who were referred by the hospital after medical discharge. They answered a standardized in-person questionnaire on age, sex, anthropometry, need for hospitalization, anosmia, and ageusia. Nonparametric statistics were calculated to analyze the data. The Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the groups. Significance was set at p<0.05. Results: the responses of 201 participants with a mean age of 44.7 ± 12.7 years were analyzed, 52.2% (n = 105) were males, 67.7% had been hospitalized (n = 136), 60.2% (n = 121) reported ageusia, and 55.7% (n = 112) reported anosmia. There was a difference in days spent in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for the Ageusia group (p = 0.004), which had a shorter length of stay. As for those who reported anosmia, there was a difference and shorter length of stay for both the ward (p = 0.001) and ICU (p = 0.004). Categorical data showed that anosmia was associated with hospitalization (yes or no) (p = 0.018; phi = -0.167). Among those who were not hospitalized, 67% (n = 44) reported anosmia. Conclusion: those who reported anosmia and ageusia had shorter hospital stays, when necessary.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o tipo e tempo de hospitalização em pessoas que relataram anosmia e ageusia após a COVID-19. Métodos: estudo transversal com pacientes que foram encaminhados pelo hospital após a alta médica. Um questionário padronizado foi aplicado presencialmente contendo dados referentes a idade, sexo, antropometria, necessidade de internação, anosmia e ageusia. Estatística não-paramétrica foi utilizada para analisar os dados. Os testes de Mann Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para comparação dos grupos. Considerou-se significante um p<0,05. Resultados: foram analisadas as respostas de 201 participantes com média de idade de 44,7 ± 12,7 anos, 52,2% (n = 105) eram do sexo masculino, 67,7% foram internados (n = 136), 60,2% (n = 121) relataram ageusia e 55,7% (n = 112) informaram anosmia. Houve diferença em relação aos dias de permanência em Unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) para o grupo Ageusia (p = 0,004), sendo que estes apresentaram menor tempo de internação. Quanto aos que relataram anosmia, houve diferença e menor tempo de internação para ambos, enfermaria (p = 0,001) e UTI (p = 0,004). Os dados categóricos demonstraram associação entre anosmia e internação (sim e não) (p = 0,018; phi = -0,167), sendo que, entre os que não foram internados, 67% (n = 44) relataram anosmia. Conclusão: aqueles que relataram anosmia e ageusia apresentaram menor tempo de internação, quando necessário.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de pacientes con la COVID-19 y trastornos quimiosensoriales

RESUMEN Introducción: Los trastornos quimiosensoriales se han identificado como síntomas típicos de la COVID-19. Objetivo: Caracterizar a pacientes con la COVID-19 y trastornos quimiosensoriales referidos. Métodos: Se incluyeron 152 pacientes hospitalizados, positivos a la COVID-19, con trastornos quimiosensoriales referidos. Se estudiaron variables clínicas y epidemiológicas, marcadores de inflamación, radiografía de tórax y tratamiento empleado. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 40,2 años, el sexo femenino 59,2 % y predominó el antecedente, contacto de caso confirmado (62,5 %), con anosmia (95,7 %), ageusia (93,3 %), sin comorbilidades (53,3 %) y ausencia de síntomas acompañantes (36,8 %). En pacientes con fuente de infección indeterminada, la confirmación fue tardía (3,89 días); no hubo diferencias significativas entre quienes presentaron uno o ambos trastornos (p= 0,053), ni entre quienes presentaron o no síntomas asociados (p= 0,14). En el 2 % el índice de neutrófilos fue mayor de 4; el 3,3 % presentó conteo absoluto de linfocitos inferior a 1500 x 109/L y el 68,4 % no mostró alteración radiológica. Requirió antimicrobianos el 5,9 % e inmunomoduladores, el 5,3 %; el 1,3 % ingresó en cuidados intensivos. La mayoría (95,4 %) egresó de alta clínica y el 1,3 % falleció. Conclusiones: Predomina el sexo femenino, con ageusia o anosmia; quienes no tienen el antecedente epidemiológico, se diagnostican con dilación. No hay diferencias al buscar atención, por uno o ambos trastornos, ni por síntomas acompañantes. Los trastornos quimiosensoriales se refieren más en ausencia de complicaciones y cuadros graves. Quienes los refieren espontáneamente, son generalmente personas saludables y oligosintomáticas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chemosensory disorders have been identified as typical symptoms of COVID-19. Objective: To characterize patients with COVID-19 and referred chemosensory disorders. Methods: One hundred and fifty-two hospitalized patients, positive for COVID-19, with referred chemosensory disorders were included. Clinical and epidemiological variables, inflammation markers, chest X-ray and treatment used were studied. Results: The average age was 40.2 years, the female sex 59.2%. The antecedent of confirmed case contact (62.5 %), anosmia (95.7 %), ageusia (93.3 %), and the absence of comorbidities (53.3 %) and accompanying symptoms (36.8 %), prevailed. In patients with an indeterminate source of infection, confirmation was late (3.89 days); there were no significant differences between those who presented one or both disorders (p = 0.053), nor between those who did or did not present associated symptoms (p = 0.14). In 2 % the neutrophil index was greater than 4; 3.3 % had an absolute lymphocyte count lower than 1500x106/L and 68.4 % did not show radiological alteration. Antimicrobials were required in 5.9 % and immunomodulators in 5.3 %; 1.3 % were admitted to intensive care. Most (95.4 %) were discharged from the clinic and 1.3 % died. Conclusions: The female sex predominates, with ageusia or anosmia; those who do not have an epidemiological background are diagnosed with delay. There are no differences in seeking care, for one or both disorders, or for accompanying symptoms. Chemosensory disorders are more referred in the absence of complications and severe disease. Those who refer them spontaneously are generally healthy and oligosymptomatic people.

Prevalencia de trastornos del gusto en niños y adolescentes con infección por coronavirus: revisión sistemática / Prevalence of taste disorders in children and adolescents with coronavirus infection: a systematic review

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de trastornos del gusto en pacientes niños y adolescentes diagnosticados con infección por coronavirus, a través de la evidencia en la literatura científica. Materiales y métodos: Una revisión sistemática de los artículos publicados entre el 19 de diciembre del 2019 y el 20 de diciembre del 2020 en las bases de datos Medline, Lilacs, BVS, Cochrane, SCOPUS y ScienceDirect. La estrategia de búsqueda de información se basó en el diagrama de flujo clásico de PRISMA. Para la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo, se usó la escala Newcastle-Ottawa. Resultados: Se encontraron 443 artículos en seis bases de datos y se incluyó un total de 7 artículos después de la evaluación, según los criterios de selección. Los artículos abordaron la variable de trastornos del gusto en tres formas: ageusia, disgeusia e hipogeusia, y se halló que esta manifestación clínica estaba presente desde los inicios de la infección. Conclusiones: Se ha encontrado una prevalencia de trastornos del gusto en niños y adolescentes diagnosticados con infección por coronavirus desde un 3,3% hasta un 26,9%. (AU)

Aim: To assess the prevalence of taste disorders in children and adolescents diagnosed with coronavirus infection according to the evidence reported in the scientific literature. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of articles published between December 19, 2019, and December 20, 2020 in the Medline, Lilacs, BVS, Cochrane, SCOPUS and ScienceDirect databases. The information search strategy was based on the classic PRISMA flow diagram. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: 443 articles were found in six databases, and a total of 7 articles were included after evaluation according to the selection criteria. The articles addressed the variable of taste disorders in three ways: ageusia, dysgeusia and hypogeusia; finding that this clinical manifestation was present from the beginning of the infection. Conclusions: The prevalence of taste disorders in children and adolescents diagnosed with coronavirus infection is from 3.3% to 26.9%. (AU)

Disfunción olfativa y gustativa en pacientes con COVID-19 de Argentina / Olfactory and gustatory disfunction in COVID-19 patients from Argentin

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existen evidencias sobre el deterioro del olfato y el gusto en pacientes con la enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19). Se hallaron diferencias en la proporción de pacientes afectados por estos síntomas en distintas poblaciones. Con base en el patrón de presentación, a partir de abril de 2020, la definición de caso sospechoso en Argentina incorporó la pérdida parcial o total de olfato o de gusto. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la proporción de pacientes con COVID-19 que presentan pérdida de olfato o de gusto en Argentina. MÉTODOS: Estudio multicéntrico. Participaron pacientes con COVID-19 mayores de 18 años confirmados con reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR, por sus siglas en inglés) en muestras obtenidas por hisopado entre el 15 de mayo y el 31 de agosto de 2020. Los participantes completaron una encuesta en línea, que incluyó preguntas sociodemográficas sobre síntomas de COVID-19, comorbilidades y la percepción de la pérdida del olfato y el gusto. RESULTADOS: Participaron 241 pacientes, 79% informaron pérdida de olfato y 54%, de gusto. En 32% de los casos, la pérdida de olfato fue el primer síntoma. La proporción de hombres y mujeres que informaron pérdida olfativa fue similar y lo mismo ocurrió en relación con la pérdida de gusto. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en relación con la edad. DISCUSIÓN: Una proporción elevada de pacientes con COVID-19 presenta disfunción olfativa y gustativa en la población argentina. Resulta importante la disponibilidad amplia de un test para la evaluación del olfato y el gusto con adaptación sociocultural y que pueda realizarse en el hogar. En el futuro, se implementará la realización de un test masivo desechable y digital

Anosmia y pruebas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa negativas

Introducción: La enfermedad por COVID-19 producida por el SARS-CoV-2, se convirtió en pandemia a partir de marzo del 2020. Entre las manifestaciones clínicas del sistema nervioso periférico pueden aparecer la anosmia y la ageusia. Objetivo: Demostrar la importancia del diagnóstico clínico y epidemiológico en el criterio de certeza de la COVID-19. Presentación del caso: Adolescente de 17 años, masculino con pérdida de olfato e historia familiar de COVID-19, por lo que quedó solo en su casa por el ingreso de su familia, dos test de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa negativos en primera instancia, sin cuadro clínico de la enfermedad aparente, hasta aproximadamente 10 días posteriores a la aparición de los síntomas de la familia, que comienza con pérdida total del olfato; se le repite la misma prueba, que es negativa de nuevo y es remitido a consulta para el estudio de la anosmia. Se atiende por pediatría, se indica el estudio completo y se realiza interconsulta con el especialista de otorrinolaringología. Todos los complementarios de laboratorio, microbiología e imagenología fueron negativos, por lo que decidimos, por la sospecha de COVID-19 y el antecedente familiar, realizar serología para anticuerpos contra SARS-CoV-2, lo que resultó en IgG positivo. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico clínico y epidemiológico retrospectivo permitió el criterio de certeza de la enfermedad COVID-19.

Introduction: The COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 became a pandemic as of March 2020. Among the clinical manifestations of the peripheral nervous system may appear anosmia and ageusia. Objective: Demonstrate the importance of clinical and epidemiological diagnosis in the certainty criterion of COVID-19. Case presentation: 17-year-old male adolescent with loss of smell and family history of COVID-19, so he was left alone at home due to the admission in hospital of his family; he had two negative polymerase chain reaction tests in the first instance, without clinical picture of the apparent disease, until approximately 10 days after the appearance of the symptoms of the family, which begins with total loss of smell; the same test is repeated, which is negative again and he is referred to consultation for the study of anosmia. He was attended in Pediatrics service, a complete study is indicated and the interconsultation with the specialist of otolaryngology is carried out. All the complementary laboratory, microbiology and imaging tests were negative, so it was decided, due to the suspicion of COVID-19 and the family history, to perform serology for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, which resulted in positive IgG. Conclusion: The retrospective clinical and epidemiological diagnosis allowed the certainty criterion of COVID-19 disease.

Management protocol of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo,Ogun State, Nigeria

Coronavirus infection became a global pandemic in March 2020. The number of hospitalized cases in Nigeria and Ogun State has been on a steady increase with a concomitant rise in Mortality. This necessitates a coordinated and a more systemic approach in the management of this deadly disease.As a result of the potential effects of the disease on the socio-economic development of Ogun State, the state government granted Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo the permission to diagnose, admit and manage cases in line with Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)/World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. This led to the establishment of a molecular laboratory and a COVID-19 task force to oversee the treatment of confirmed cases of COVID-19 disease.This protocol is developed to serve as a template for the diagnosis, admission, treatment of cases of COVID-19 diseases presenting for care in the hospital and to prevent the spread of the disease among healthcare workers within the hospital environment

Smell and taste alterations in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To present scientific evidence based on a systematic review of the literature (PRISMA) to systematize information on smell and taste alterations in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. METHODS: The studies were selected through combinations based on the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS, SciELO, and BIREME databases were used. The search encompassed articles published from January 2010 to May 2020, with no restriction of language or localization. RESULTS: A total of 665 retrieved articles had the potential for inclusion. Of these, two answered the research question, which was to verify the smell and taste alterations in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: The results found in this review demonstrated that there likely is an association between self-reported smell and taste dysfunctions and COVID-19 infection in such patients.

Avaliação da percepção sensorial ao gosto doce em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 / Evaluation of the sensory perception of sweet taste in people with Diabetes Mellitus type 2

Avaliar a percepção sensorial de pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, por meio do teste de índicelimiar para o gosto doce. Métodos: estudo transversal, composto por 80 adultos de ambos os sexos, divididosem dois grupos: controle, composto por não diabéticos, e teste, formado por pacientes diabéticos. Avaliação dapercepção sensorial realizada pelo teste de sensibilidade para determinação do índice limiar. Testes conduzidosem cinco sessões, contendo as concentrações diferentes de sacarose. Análise estatística por meio do teste t,adotado p˂0,05. Resultados: ao comparar a média dos limiares para detecção do gosto doce entre diabéticos enão diabéticos foi notório que os diabéticos são menos sensíveis ao estímulo doce. Conclusão: indivíduos comDiabetes Mellitus 2 apresentam valor de índice limiar maior para o gosto doce, o que pode contribuir para oaumento do consumo de açúcar.

Objective: to evaluate the perception of patients with type 2 diabetes through the threshold index test for the sweet taste. Methods: a cross-sectional study with 80 adults of both genders, divided into two groups: control, composed of non-diabetics, and test, with diabetic patients. The evaluation of sensory perception held by the sensitivity test to determine the threshold index. The tests were conducted on five sections containing different concentrations of sucrose. Statistical analysis was held using the t test, adopted P<0.05. Results: when comparing the average of the thresholds to detect sweet taste between diabetics and non-diabetics, it was known that diabetics are less sensitive to sweet stimuli. Conclusion: individuals with Diabetes Mellitus 2 have higher threshold index value for the sweet taste, which may contribute to the increase in sugar consumption.

Ageusia in the Patients with Myasthenia Gravis

No abstract available.

Ageusia associated to treatment with amitriptyline and terbinafine.

Ageusia is a rare condition characterized by loss of taste functions of the tongue. A large number of conditions may be responsible for causing ageusia. Adverse effects of drug therapy are the most common cause for the loss of taste. Ageusia can have a significant effect on the quality of life of patients and can lead to loss of appetite, weight, and may require discontinuation of drug administration in already compromised patients. We present two cases of ageusia one associated with amitriptyline in a patient with endogenous depression and the other with terbinafine in patient with tinea unguium.

Efeito da radiação ionizante sobre o paladar em pacientes submetidos a radioterapia para a região da cabeça e pescoço / Effect of ionizing radiation on the taste function of patients submitted to head and neck radiotherapy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da radiação ionizante sobre o paladar, em pacientes que foram submetidos a radioterapia na região de cabeça e pescoço. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 20 pacientes que possuíam diagnóstico de tumor na região de cabeça e pescoço, que iniciaram tratamento no Setor de Radioterapia da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Para testes do paladar, foram manipuladas quatro soluções (salgada - NaCl; doce - sacarose; azeda - ácido cítrico; amarga - ureia) em três concentrações diferentes (fraca, média e forte), administradas por meio de conta-gotas, três gotas de cada solução de maneira aleatória, respeitando a ordem das concentrações fracas, médias e fortes. Após a aplicação de cada solução, o paciente relatava o sabor que sentia. O procedimento foi realizado semanalmente durante as três primeiras semanas de radioterapia. RESULTADOS: Foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante na perda do paladar dos pacientes em tratamento radioterápico, quando se compararam a 1ª e 4ª semanas de tratamento na solução salgada, nas três concentrações, na solução doce nas concentrações fracas e médias e nas soluções azedas e amargas, apenas quando se testaram as concentrações fracas. CONCLUSÃO: A radiação ionizante altera o paladar de pacientes submetidos a radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of ionizing radiation on the taste function in patients submitted to radiotherapy in the head and neck region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients diagnosed with head and neck tumors and undergoing treatment in the Division of Radiotherapy at Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, were selected. For their taste function testing, four solutions were manipulated with salt (NaCl), sugar (sucrose), citric acid (for acidity), and urea (for bitterness), at three different (low, medium and high) concentrations. Weekly tests were performed during the first three weeks of radiotherapy, with random administration of the solutions (three drops each) respecting the order of their concentration levels (low, medium and high). After the application of each solution, the patient reported which flavor he/she tasted. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed in the loss of taste function as the results in the 1st and 4th weeks of treatment were compared, with salty solution at the three concentration levels, with the sweet solution at low and medium concentrations, and with the sour and bitter solutions, only at low concentration. CONCLUSION: Ionizing radiation alters the taste function of patients submitted to head and neck radiotherapy.

Protocolo pré-radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço: [revisão] / Head and neck pre-radiotherapy protocol: [review]

Analisando a ocorrência das complicações pós-radioterapia, verificou-se a necessidade de instituir-se um protocolo de atendimento aos pacientes com indicação de tratamento radioterápico na região de cabeça e pescoço. Previamente, os pacientes devem ser submetidos a consultas odontológicas para a instrução a respeito dos efeitos da radiação ionizante sobre as estruturas bucais. Esse artigo tem por objetivo descrever o protocolo de atendimento Odontológico aos pacientes submetidos à radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço utilizado pelo serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial do Hospital Erasto Gaertner, Curitiba.

By thoroughly analyzing the incidence of post-radiotherapy complications, we have noticed it is strongly advisable to establish a specific protocol for attending those patients who have been appointed to radiotherapy treatment in the neck and head areas. Prior to the beginning of the therapy, the patients should have an appointment with an odontologist in order to receive instruction on the effects of ionizing radiation on oral structures. In the present paper, we describe the protocol of odontological examination of patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy employed by the service of Buco-maxillo-facial Surgery and Traumatology of Erasto Gaertner Hospital, in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

Posttraumatic Anosmia and Ageusia: Incidence and Recovery with Relevance to the Hemorrhage and Fracture on the Frontal Base

OBJECTIVE: We studied whether frontal skull base fracture has an impact on the occurrence and recovery of anosmia and/or ageusia following frontal traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Between May 2003 and April 2005, 102 consecutive patients who had hemorrhage or contusion on the frontal lobe base were conservatively treated. Relevant clinical and radiographic data were collected, and assessment of impaired smell and taste sensation were also surveyed up to at least 12 months post-injury. RESULTS: Among 102 patients, anosmia was noted in 22 (21.6%), of whom 10 had ageusia at a mean 4.4 days after trauma. Bilateral frontal lobe injuries were noted in 20 of 22 patients with anosmia and in all 10 patients with ageusia. Frontal skull base fracture was noted in 41 patients, of whom 9 (21.4%) had anosmia and 4 (9.5%) had ageusia. There was no statistical difference in the occurrence of anosmia and ageusia between patients with or without fracture. Of the 22 patients with anosmia, recovery from anosmia occurred in nine (40.9%) at the interval of 6 to 24 months after trauma, of whom six had frontal skull base fracture and three were not associated with fracture. Recovery of anosmia was significantly higher in patients without fracture than those with fracture (p<0.05). Recovery from ageusia occurred in only two of 10 patients at the interval of 18 to 20 months after trauma and was not eminent in patients without fracture. CONCLUSION: One should be alert and seek possibile occurrence of the anosmia and/or ageusia following frontal TBI. It is suggested that recovery is quite less likely if such patients have fractures on the frontal base, and these patients should wait for at least 6 to 18 months to anticipate such recovery if there is no injury to the central olfactory structures.

Reversible Ageusia in a Patient Treated Receiving with Clopidogrel

The sense of taste is generally regarded as less important compare with vision and hearing. However, gustatory disorder considerably diminish the pleasures of life. The causes of taste disorder are various, and can occur during different pharmacologic treatment. We report a case of reversible ageusia induced by clopidogrel medication.